Abbreviations FFAR2: Free fatty acid receptor2 FFAR3: Free fatty acid receptor3 GPR43: G-protein coupled receptor43 GPR41: G-protein coupled receptor41 TCA: Tricarboxylic acid OAA: Oxaloacetic acid PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate PEPCK-C: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-C DHAP: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate G6Pase: Glucose-6-phosphatase Akt: Ak strain transforming AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase AC: Adenylyl cyclase cAMP: Cyclic AMP PKA: Protein kinase A EPAC: Exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B PLC: PhospholipaseC PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate IP3: Inositol Trisphosphate ER: Endoplasmic reticulum NLRP3: Nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 IL-1: Interleukin 1 beta DAG: Diacylglycerol PKC: Protein kinase C ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 SNS: Sympathetic nervous system NE: Norepinephrine IGF-1: Insulin like growth factor-1 IGF-1R: IGF-1 receptor IRS: Insulin receptor substrate PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-triphosphate PDK: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase SIRT1: Silent mating type information regulation 1 FOXO3A: Forkhead box 03A ROS: Reactive oxygen species CASR: Calcium sensing receptor References Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S
Familial ALS-superoxide dismutases associate with mitochondria and shift their redox potentials
Now a new study (4) suggests that L-carnitine, an amino acid more commonly association with weight loss (5), may also help with liver health
(Photos courtesy of Galderma Laboratories.) Bumps (papules) and Pimples (pustules) Rosacea patient with papules and pustules, treated with topical metronidazole in a split-face study
Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in tissues potentially beneficial for inflammatory joint or gut conditions
