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1 Introduction Caffeine, one of the most widely consumed pharmacologically active ingredients in the world, is the main component of coffee and tea ( The chemical structure of caffeine contains a purine ring, which chemically resembles adenosine and is a natural non-selective receptor antagonist of adenosine (Figure 1) ( in vitro model of alcoholic liver fibrosis, and the results implicated the cAMP/PKA/SRC/ERK1/2/P38 MAPK signaling pathway as playing a key role, confirming the involvement of the adenosine signaling pathway in alcoholic liver fibrosis ( FIGURE 1 Recently, there are increasing reports that regular oral coffee is associated with reduced risk of various liver diseases ( 2 Adenosine signaling in the liver Caffeine is structurally similar to adenosine and is a non-selective adenosine receptor (AR) inhibitor that competently inhibits adenosine both in vitro and in vivo (Figures 2, 3

Antioxidant defence systems and oxidative stress in poultry biology: An update

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