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Mitophagy Although MLCS represents a novel mechanism of organelle crosstalk that is independent of mitophagy, studies have indicated that these contacts are linked to mitophagy (Juhl et al., 2021

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), sense microbial components and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering activation of signaling cascades such as NF-B, MAPK, and inflammasomes (e.g., NLRP3), which further amplify the inflammatory response [40]

Thus, metabolic mechanisms during prolonged fasting reflect a well-balanced interplay between catabolic and anabolic reactions (Fig

It is reasonably speculated that some viruses have evolved to remodel the autophagic process for their own benefit during replication 53,54

Sandson: Other psych meds that induce 3A4 include St