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While this unidirectional behavior effectively destroys cell metabolism for tumor suppression, it poses challenges because of the absence of coupling between the intracellular nanostructures and endogenous feedback mechanisms, thereby hindering their translation to scenarios requiring sustained cellular viability and precise, nondestructive function modulation, including probiotic interventions 46 , programmable cell-based therapeutics 47 and engineered living materials 48

Toxicol Sci 123:305332 Forkner CE, Scott TFM (1931) Arsenic as a therapeutic agent in CML

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Phase II detoxification Conjugates with reactive metabolites (acetaminophen toxin, heavy metals) for excretion via the liver - a primary detox pathway

Aloe-emodin reverses adriamycin (ADR) resistance in MCF-7/ADR cells by inhibiting P-gp efflux, altering energy metabolism, and inducing autophagy while enhancing apoptosis via DNA damage, ROS generation, and Caspase-3 activation [504]