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Both activate AMPK, but through distinct mechanisms: metformin inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, raising the cellular AMP:ATP ratio and thereby activating AMPK indirectly

This interaction triggers c-Met phosphorylation and activates downstream signaling cascades including the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, which are fundamental to neuronal survival, dendritic arborization, and synapse formation

One popular variation is the so-called GLOW protocol, which is GHK-Cu combined with healing peptides BPC-157 and TB-500

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