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In conclusion, though macrophages possess multiple mechanisms to eliminate pathogens, many intracellular pathogens have evolved sophisticated immune evasion strategies that inhibit macrophage cell death, thereby sustaining the macrophages as a niche for their survival and replication

DNA is particularly vulnerable, as oxidative lesions such as eight-oxoguanine accumulate, leading to replication errors and genomic instability

doi: 10.1111/tpj.17125 126 XuW.DubosC.LepiniecL

In addition, dysregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and excessive ATP release under oxidative conditions act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activating inflammasomes and enhancing chemotactic signals for immune cells like CD8 + T cells 67

It contains active ingredients such as PDRN, niacinamide, glutathione, adenosine, and a 7-peptide complex