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The combination treatment induced the production of ROS, and the scavenging of ROS with NAC reduced LC3 accumulation, caspase-3 activation, and PARP cleavage

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However, among the 19 known ALDH family members, it has been reported that ALDH1A1 mediates the synthesis of GABA in midbrain dopaminergic neurons [22] and thalamic astrocytes [15], and is highly expressed in adult mouse hippocampal astrocytes [23], raising the possibility of its involvement in astrocytic MAOB-mediated conversion of putrescine to GABA as well

and (ii) its ability to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as well as toxic aldehydes

[4] An exception may be infants who are at an increased risk of deficiency regardless of the vitamin status of the mother during pregnancy and breast feeding due to poor transfer of the vitamin to the placenta and low amounts of the vitamin in breast milk