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Certain groups face elevated risk of B12 deficiency and should discuss testing with their healthcare provider: Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets without adequate supplementation Older adults (particularly those over 60 years), due to reduced gastric acid production People with gastrointestinal conditions including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or those who have undergone gastric or ileal surgery Long-term users of medications affecting B12 absorption, such as metformin (MHRA advises monitoring B12 levels), PPIs, or H2-receptor antagonists Individuals with pernicious anaemia or family history of this autoimmune condition People with exposure to nitrous oxide (recreational or occupational), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnostic testing typically involves serum B12 measurement , though this may not always reflect tissue stores accurately

B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin

The endless cycle of diets, exercise plans, and plateaus can leave even the most dedicated individuals feeling frustrated

Long-term deficiency can damage the protective myelin around nerves, and if it is not addressed, some of that damage can become permanent, causing numbness, pain, and balance problems

AOD 9604 and Research in Cancer Cells