l carnitine nature medicine Acetyl L-Carnitine Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine,

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The enzyme DHODH acts as a safeguard against ferroptosis in eye tissues like the cornea and retina without relying on GPX4, but when this protective pathway is diminished, particularly when disrupted by oxidative stress, it could lead to damage of corneal and retinal cells by facilitating the progress of ferroptosis

211,212 Such constructed upconversion NPs/MSNs nanocomposites-based platform offers a wide range of applications of the upconversion NPs in the biomedical field

Furthermore, the validity of TMA/TMAO ratio as a better CVD biomarker needs to be investigated

Curr Atheroscler Rep 24(4):235242