Induction by glucose in vitro or in diabetic rats: Prevention and reversal by glutathione, Exp
The condition manifests as recurrent sprains, persistent feelings of giving way, and reduced confidence in ankle stability during activity
GA decreases the activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), leading to reduced scavenging ability for ROS, consequently resulting in peroxidative damage of membranes followed by release of hydrolytic enzymes (Jones and Smirnoff, 2005
Additionally, autophagy helps the removal of damaged mitochondria, suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent inflammatory cytokine production by reducing ROS release, and promotes the survival of RPE and photoreceptor cells, thereby mitigating inflammatory damage (142144)
Also terbinafine, diltiazem, hydroxychloroquine, isoniazid and the antibiotic sulphonamides Good outcome - settles within two weeks of stopping the drug Purpura / cutaneous vasculitis (figures 29-30) Chronology - symptoms tend to occur at around three weeks after the medication was commenced Clinical findings - palpable purpura (thrombocytopenia is non-palpable) Many drugs are implicated , the most commonly associated ones are the penicillins, minocycline, quinolones, 'sulfa' drugs, NSAID and other analgesics, thiazides and other diuretics, anticonvulsants, allopurinol, vaccines, cocaine and other illicit drugs It is important to rule out other causes of purpura before concluding the rash is secondary to a drug For more information refer to the chapter Vasculitis Ulcers / infarction (figure 31) Ulcers - two of the most commonly associated medications are hydroxyurea and nicorandil , the latter mainly affects the eyes, mouth, genitalia, perineal and perianal skin Infarction - the main cause is warfarin Drug-induced eczema Rare
