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E cigarette use to reduce cigarette smoking may not increase nicotine dependence Penn State University Nicotine Dependence Index Center for Research on Tobacco and Health College of Medicine Penn State Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence. Nicotine dependence and associated factors among persons who use electronic e cigarettes in Malaysia an online survey Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy Springer Nature Link 30 Blazing Hot Takes: The Latest in Vaping With Drs. Ling and Vijayaraghavan The Curbsiders

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